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Ilmu sharaf adalah salah satu cabang ilmu bahasa Arab yang mempelajari tentang perubahan bentuk kata-kata Arab akibat faktor-faktor tertentu, seperti harakat, i’rab, dan tashrif. Ilmu sharaf sangat penting untuk memahami makna dan struktur kalimat bahasa Arab dengan benar.


Ilmu sharaf terbagi menjadi dua bagian utama, yaitu:

  • Sharaf al-ism, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang perubahan bentuk kata benda, kata sifat, kata ganti, dan kata tunjuk dalam bahasa Arab.
  • Sharaf al-fi’l, yaitu ilmu yang mempelajari tentang perubahan bentuk kata kerja dalam bahasa Arab.

Sharaf al-ism

Sharaf al-ism mempelajari tentang perubahan bentuk kata-kata isim akibat faktor-faktor berikut:

  • Harakat, yaitu tanda vokal yang menunjukkan bunyi huruf mati dalam bahasa Arab. Harakat terdiri dari fathah (a), kasrah (i), dan dhommah (u). Harakat dapat berubah sesuai dengan posisi kata dalam kalimat dan fungsi gramatikalnya. Misalnya, kata كِتَابٌ (kitabun) dapat berubah menjadi كِتَابٍ (kitabin) jika menjadi mudhaf ilaih, atau كِتَابَ (kitaba) jika menjadi maf’ul bih.
  • I’rab, yaitu perubahan harakat akhir suatu kata akibat hubungannya dengan kata lain dalam kalimat. I’rab terdiri dari rafa’ (ن), nasab (ن), jarr (ك), dan jazm (ص). I’rab dapat menunjukkan fungsi sintaksis suatu kata dalam kalimat, seperti subjek, objek, keterangan, dll. Misalnya, kata طَالِبٌ (thalibun) dapat berubah menjadi طَالِبًا (thaliban) jika menjadi subjek, atau طَالِبٍ (thalibin) jika menjadi objek.
  • Tashrif, yaitu perubahan bentuk suatu kata akibat penambahan atau pengurangan huruf-huruf tertentu. Tashrif dapat menunjukkan makna tambahan suatu kata, seperti jamak, muannats, mudzakkar, dll. Misalnya, kata كِتَابٌ (kitabun) dapat berubah menjadi كُتُبٌ (kutubun) jika menjadi jamak mudzakkar salim, atau كِتَابَةٌ (kitabatun) jika menjadi isim masdar.

Sharaf al-fi’l

Sharaf al-fi’l mempelajari tentang perubahan bentuk kata-kata fi’l akibat faktor-faktor berikut:

  • Bab fi’l, yaitu klasifikasi kata kerja berdasarkan pola huruf mati dan harakatnya. Bab fi’l terdiri dari 10 bab utama, yaitu: فَعَلَ (fa’ala), فَعَّلَ (fa’alla), فَاعَلَ (fa’ala), أَفْعَلَ (af’ala), تَفَعَّلَ (tafa’alla), اِنْفَعَلَ (infa’ala), اِفْتَعَلَ (ifta’ala), اِفْعَلَّ (if’al la), اِفْعُوْلَ (if’uula), dan اِفْعِيْلَ (if’iila). Bab fi’l dapat menunjukkan makna dasar suatu kata kerja dan cara membentuk wazan-wazannya.
  • Wazan fi’l, yaitu pola huruf mati dan harakat suatu kata kerja yang menunjukkan makna dan bentuknya. Wazan fi’l terdiri dari beberapa jenis, seperti: مُفْعَلٌ (muf’alun), مُفْعِلٌ (muf’ilun), مُفْعَلَةٌ (muf’alatun), dll. Wazan fi’l dapat menunjukkan makna tambahan suatu kata kerja, seperti pasif, aktif, intensif, dll. Misalnya, kata كَتَبَ (kataba) dapat berubah menjadi كُتِبَ (kutiba) jika menjadi pasif, atau كَتَّبَ (kattaba) jika menjadi intensif.
  • Shighat fi’l, yaitu perubahan bentuk suatu kata kerja akibat penambahan atau pengurangan huruf-huruf tertentu. Shighat fi’l terdiri dari beberapa jenis, seperti: مَضَارِعٌ (mudhari’un), مَاضِيٌ (madi’un), أَمْرٌ (amrun), نَهْيٌ (nahyun), مَصْدَرٌ (masdarun), اِسْمُ فَاعِلٍ (ismu fa’ilin), اِسْمُ مَفْعُولٍ (ismu maf’ulin), dll. Shighat fi’l dapat menunjukkan waktu, mode, dan sifat suatu kata kerja. Misalnya, kata كَتَبَ (kataba) dapat berubah menjadi يَكْتُبُ (yaktubu) jika menjadi mudhari’, atau اُكْتُبْ (uktub) jika menjadi amr.

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